conclusion of a valid deductive argument is always certain. Explain
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Answer:
Validity is the attribute of deductive arguments that denotes logical strength. Validity is about the strength of the inference, or reasoning, between the premises and the conclusion. A deductive argument is valid when you have the following:
If all its premises were true, then its conclusion must be true, by necessity.
To determine if an argument is valid or invalid (not valid):
First assume that the premises are true, even if they are not; pretend that they are true.
Then ask yourself whether the conclusion would need to be true, assuming/pretending that the premises are true.
Here is an example:
Premise 1: All dogs are snakes.
Premise 2: All snakes are birds.
Conclusion: All dogs are birds.