Define Fractional Distillation
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Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions. Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporize. It uses distillation to fractionate.
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Fractional distillation is a separation process used to separate a mixture of liquids into its individual components based on their differences in boiling points. It is a widely used technique in chemistry, petrochemical, and oil refining industries.
Here's how fractional distillation works:
1. A mixture of liquids with different boiling points is heated in a flask or column.
2. As the mixture is heated, the component with the lowest boiling point vaporizes first. The vapors rise through a column, and as they move upward, they pass through a series of trays or packing material.
3. Each tray or packing in the column is at a slightly lower temperature than the one below it. This temperature gradient allows the various components in the vapor to condense and re-vaporize multiple times as they move up the column.
4. The components with lower boiling points rise higher in the column before condensing, while those with higher boiling points condense and collect at lower positions.
5. Finally, the separate components are collected and condensed into different containers as they reach their respective condensation temperatures.
Fractional distillation is particularly useful when dealing with mixtures of liquids with relatively close boiling points. It allows for the efficient separation and purification of these components by exploiting their differing vaporization and condensation properties. This technique is commonly used in the production of various industrial chemicals, petroleum refining, and the production of alcoholic beverages, among other applications.
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