Explain the role played by Affirmative action minimise social inequality
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Explain the role played by Affirmative action minimise social inequality
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Explanation:
Affirmative action, which incorporates some features from the two distinct British concepts of "positive discrimination" and "positive action", is a set of policies that support members of disadvantaged groups that have previously suffered discrimination (and may continue to) in such areas as education, employment, or housing.[1][2][3][4] Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in employment and pay, increasing access to education, promoting diversity, and redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances.
The nature of affirmative action policies varies from region to region and exists on a spectrum from a hard quota to merely targeting encouragement for increased participation. Some countries use a quota system, whereby a certain percentage of government jobs, political positions, and school vacancies must be reserved for members of a certain group; an example of this is the reservation system in India.
In some other regions where quotas are not used, minority group members are given preference or special consideration in selection processes. In the United States, affirmative action in employment and education has been the subject of legal and political controversy. In 2003, the Supreme Court of the United States, in Grutter v. Bollinger, held that the University of Michigan Law School could consider race as a plus-factor when evaluating applicants holistically and maintained the prohibition on the use of quotas.[5][6]
In the UK, hiring someone simply because of their protected group status, without regard to their performance, is illegal.[7][8][9] However, the law in the UK does allow for membership in a protected and disadvantaged group to be considered in hiring and promotion in the event that that group is under-represented in a given area and if the candidates are of equal merit. The controlling logic is that the person must not be chosen simply because of their group membership, but rather that the relevant authorities are allowed to use disadvantaged group status as a "tie-breaker" between two candidates of otherwise equal merit.[10] This is functionally the same as the practice known as "affirmative action" in the United States.