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Answer:
1)a)Centripetal force is defined as, "the force that is necessary to keep an object moving in a curved path and that is directed inward toward the center of rotation," while centrifugal force is defined as "the apparent force that is felt by an object moving in a curved path that acts outwardly away from the center of rotation,"
b)A free falling object is an object that is falling under the sole influence of gravity. Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity is said to be in a state of free fall. ... Free-falling objects do not encounter air resistance.
c)Escape velocity is the speed at which an object must travel to break free of a planet or moon's gravitational force and enter orbit.
Explanation:
2)Redox is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed. Redox reactions are characterized by the actual or formal transfer of electrons between chemical species, most often with one species undergoing oxidation while another species undergoes reduction. Are you familiar with the reaction that forms table salt? Do you know what kind of reaction it is? This lesson is Redox Reactions and is part of the review of inorganic chemistry.
There is a specific type of chemical reaction called oxidation-reduction reactions (or redox reactions for short). In these reactions, electrons are transferred from one reactant to another. So, simply put, electrons are lost from one substance and gained by another.
Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons from a substance, while reduction refers to the gain of electrons by a substance. These two processes cannot occur without the other. That being said, if there's a reduction reaction, there must be an oxidation reaction. Or, if there's an oxidation reaction, there must be a reduction reaction. Don't be confused by reduction being a gain, though. Adding electrons is called reduction because the overall charge is reduced - more electrons means the substance becomes more negative.
For example, carbon typically has six protons, six neutrons and six electrons. If we reduce carbon, it gains an electron. If you remember, electrons are negative, so adding another electron would make seven, and the carbon atom would become more negative. We would say that the carbon's overall charge has decreased, or it has been reduced.
An easy way to keep it straight is by using the mnemonic device 'LEO the lion says GER.' LEO stands for 'lose electrons oxidation.' GER stands for 'gain electrons reduction.' So, oxidation is when an atom loses electrons, while reduction is when an atom gains electrons.
Redox Reaction Examples
The easiest way to fully understand redox reactions is to look at some examples. So let's start by looking at the reaction that forms table salt. Sodium is oxidized and loses an electron to have a +1 charge; meanwhile chlorine is reduced because it gains the electron to have a -1 charge. The redox reaction creates two ions with opposite charges that are attracted to one another and create sodium chloride, or table salt.
At this point it's also important to discuss reducing and oxidizing agents. A reducing agent donates electrons or reduces another substance. So, in the case of our table salt reaction, sodium is the reducing agent. An oxidizing agent accepts electrons or oxidizes another substance. So, in the case of our table salt reaction, chlorine is the oxidizing agent. An oxidizing agent gains electrons, and an oxidizing agent is reduced.
A silly mnemonic device to help you remember this is 'Ryan already likes eating ostriches. Ostriches are getting eaten regularly.' The mnemonic stands for a reducing agent loses electrons and is oxidized, while an oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced.
The formation of hydrogen fluoride is an example of a redox reaction.
Redox Reactions Examples
Another example of a redox reaction is the formation of hydrogen fluoride. We can break the reaction down to analyze the oxidation and reduction of reactants. The hydrogen is oxidized and loses two electrons, so each hydrogen becomes positive. The two electrons are gained by fluorine, which is reduced. This makes the two fluorines negative. The oxidation of hydrogen and reduction of fluorine creates two ions with opposite charges of +1 and -1. Opposites attract, so they combine and form hydrogen fluoride.
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Explanation:
Q3. 1)
a). a force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed towards the centre around which the body is moving.
b). A free falling object is an object that is falling under the sole influence of gravity. Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity is said to be in a state of free fall.
c). escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for a free, non-propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body, that is, to achieve an infinite distance from it. ... Speeds higher than escape velocity have a positive speed at infinity.
2) An oxidizing agent is an electron-accepting species that is readily reduced in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The oxidation numbers of these species tend to decrease in redox reactions. Examples: nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
The formation of hydrogen fluoride is an example of a redox reaction. Another example of a redox reaction is the formation of hydrogen fluoride. We can break the reaction down to analyze the oxidation and reduction of reactants. The hydrogen is oxidized and loses two electrons, so each hydrogen becomes positive.
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