★ Nitrogen fixation -
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nitrogen fixation, any natural or industrial process that causes free nitrogen (N2), which is a relatively inert gas plentiful in air, to combine chemically with other elements to form more-reactive nitrogen compounds such as ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites. nitrogen cycle.
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Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into a usable form by certain microorganisms. Nitrogen gas makes up about78% of the Earth's atmosphere, but most plants and animals cannot use nitrogen in this form. Nitrogen fixation is essential for the nitrogen cycle and the availability of nitrogen for living organisms.
There are two primary types of nitrogen fixation: biological nitrogen fixation and industrial nitrogen fixation.
1. Biological nitrogen fixation: Certain bacteria, known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (NH3), which can be used by plants. These bacteria form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants (such as soybeans, clover, and peas) and live in nodules on their roots. The bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, which is then used by the plant for growth. Some free-living bacteria in the soil can also fix nitrogen.
2. Industrial nitrogen fixation: This process involves the production of ammonia through the Haber-Bosch process, which was developed in the early20th century. It uses high pressure and temperature to combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen derived from natural gas or other sources. The resulting ammonia can be used as a fertilizer or as a precursor for the production of various nitrogen-based compounds, such as nitric acid and urea.
Nitrogen fixation is crucial for maintaining the fertility of agricultural soils and for the growth of plants. It plays a vital role in the overall health of ecosystems by providing a source of nitrogen for organisms that cannot directly use atmospheric nitrogen.
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