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Define how ammonia is manufactured by haber's process.
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Answer:
Haber's process is used to produce ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) gases. The process involves several steps:
1. **Nitrogen Sourcing:** Nitrogen is sourced from the air, which is about 78% nitrogen gas (N2).
2. **Hydrogen Production:** Hydrogen gas is produced from natural gas (methane) or other hydrocarbon sources through steam reforming, which generates a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases.
3. **Synthesis Reaction:** Nitrogen and hydrogen gases are combined in a reactor at high pressure (around 200-300 atmospheres) and temperature (approximately 400-500°C). The gases are passed over an iron-based catalyst (usually iron with small amounts of promoters like potassium oxide) to facilitate the reaction:
\[ N_2 + 3H_2 \rightarrow 2NH_3 \]
4. **Product Separation:** The ammonia formed is a gas at the reaction conditions but is then liquefied under pressure for easier separation. Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled back into the reactor to maximize ammonia production.
5. **Purification:** The resulting ammonia is purified to remove any remaining impurities and excess reactants.
Haber's process is an essential industrial method for producing ammonia, a crucial component in fertilizers, explosives, and various other chemicals. It revolutionized agriculture by providing a means to produce synthetic fertilizers in large quantities, significantly impacting global food production.
Answer:
The Haber's process produces ammonia by reacting nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas over an iron catalyst at elevated temperatures (400-550°C) and pressures (150-300 atmospheres).
The reaction forms ammonia according to the equation
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3.
The ammonia is then separated from unreacted gases, purified, and collected for various industrial applications, including fertilizer production.
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