Write Short notes :. (1) Revolutionary movements in foreign countries. (2) Rowlatt Act. (3) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (4) Swarajya Party
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Write Short notes :. (1) Revolutionary movements in foreign countries. (2) Rowlatt Act. (3) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (4) Swarajya Party
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Revolutionary movements in foreign countries.
Revolutionary movements began in foreign countries also giving freedom to India from the British. The revolutionary activities that began in India spread to different countries like England, Canada, America, Germany, France, Myanmar, Malaya, Singapore, Afghanistan, Russia. Syamji Krishna Verma, Madanlal Dhingra, Vir Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Udham Singh, Raja Mahendra, Pratap, Madam Bhikhaji Cama, Sardar Singh Rana, Maulana Abdulla, Maulana Basir, Charmpak Raman Pillai, Dr. Mathur Singh ‘Khudabaksh’ were associated with their activities. The revolutionary activities in the foreign countries gave impetus to the revolutionary activities in India. Pistols were being secretly sent to India from England along with the beddings of cooks.
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Rowlatt Act
The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British government to increase their grip on power over the common folk. This law was passed in March 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council which gave them the power to arrest any person without any trial. To abolish this act, Gandhi and the other leaders called for a Hartal (suspension of work) to show Indians’ objection to this rule, called the Rowlatt Satyagraha. The Rowlatt Acts were much resented by an aroused Indian public. All nonofficial Indian members of the council (i.e., those who were not officials in the colonial government) voted against the acts. Mahatma Gandhi organized a protest movement that led directly to the Massacre of Amritsar (April 1919) and subsequently to his noncooperation movement (1920–22). The acts were never actually implemented.
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Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
About Jallianwala Bagh massacre – The Jallianwala Bagh massacre or the Amritsar Massacre took place when many villagers gathered in the park for the celebration of Baisakhi. The gatherers wanted to also peacefully protest the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. The governor of the Punjab province supported the massacre at Amritsar and, on April 15, placed the entire province under martial law. Viceroy Chelmsford, however, characterized the action as “an error of judgment,” and, when Secretary of State Montagu learned of the slaughter, he appointed a commission of inquiry, headed by Lord Hunter. Although Dyer was subsequently relieved of his command, he returned a hero to many in Britain, especially conservatives, and in Parliament members of the House of Lords presented him with a jeweled sword inscribed “Saviour of the Punjab.”
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Swarajya party
The Swaraj Party or the Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party was formed on 1 January 1923 by C R Das and Motilal Nehru. The formation of the Swaraj Party came after various significant events like the withdrawal of non-cooperation movement, the government of India act 1919 and 1923 elections.After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922. This was met with a lot of disagreements among leaders of the Congress Party.
While some wanted to continue non-cooperation, others wanted to end the legislature boycott and contest elections. The former were called no-changers and such leaders included Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari, etc.
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