Write the features of the land settlement made by the British in the tribal areas.
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Write the features of the land settlement made by the British in the tribal areas.
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The lives of tribal groups changed during British rule in many strange and unexpected ways:
The British wanted tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators, because as settled peasants they were easier to control and administer.
The British also wanted a regular revenue source for the state. So they introduced land settlements, that is, they measured the land, defined the rights of each individual to that land, and fixed the revenue the farmer had to pay to the state.
But the British effort to settle jhum cultivators was not very successful, because when their fields did not produce good yields, shifting cultivators who took to plough cultivation often suffered a lot.
Facing widespread protests, the British had to ultimately allow the right to carry on shifting cultivation in some parts of the forest.
Answer:
Before the advent of the East India Company, the traditional land-revenue system in India was the right of the farmers on the land and a part of the crop was given to the government. By the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the Company got the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Even then, the Company continued with the old land revenue system but increased land revenue rates. This was also natural as the Company's expenses were increasing, and land revenue was the only means by which the Company could get maximum money.
The British mainly adopted the following land tenure systems in India:
1. Monopoly system
2. Permanent Settlement
3. Ryotwari
4. Mahalbari Method
Monopoly System: This system was introduced by Warren Hastings in 1772. This practice had two characteristics-
Permanent Settlement: It is also known as the 'zamindari system.' It was built in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, U.P. Implemented in Banaras Block and North Karnataka. Under this arrangement, about 19 percent of the total area of British India was included.
Ryotwari System: This system was started in 1820 by the then Governor of Madras, Thomas Munro, and was implemented in Madras, Bombay and some parts of Assam.
Mahalbari System: It was implemented by Lord Hastings in the Central Provinces, Agra and Punjab. Under this arrangement, 30% of the total area land came.
Thus, the Company adopted various agricultural systems to collect land revenue in India. The basic objective of the Company behind all these arrangements was to collect maximum land revenue and not to work for the welfare of the farmers in the slightest. Due to this, the Indian agricultural system gradually collapsed, and the Indian farmers were ruined.
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